Literary Physics

Syllabus dot point| Notes| * process information from secondary sources to describe an example of hybridisation within a species and explain the purpose of this hybridisation| Hybridisation – two genetically different strains of an organism are crossed to produce offspring with desirable characteristics. i. e. cross breeding cattle to produce better meat, which will benefit for human consumption Selective breeding of sheep to produce merino sheep which are hybrids produced by interbreeding other sheep varieties.Interbreeding other varieties of corn to produce the resultant hybrid corn that was hardy and produced large fruit. | * describe the process of DNA replication and explain its significance| * DNA double helix unwinds * DNA unzips * Nucleotides are added to each single strandDNA replication ensures that the genetic information is maintained. | * explain the relationship between proteins and polypeptides| A protein is made up of one or more polypeptides.A polypeptide is m ade up of a chain of many amino acids. | * analyse information from secondary sources to outline the evidence that led to Beadle and Tatum’s ‘one gene – one protein’ hypothesis and to explain why this was altered to the ‘one gene – one polypeptide’ hypothesis| Beadle and Tatum concluded that for each defective enzyme there was one gene on one specific area of a chromosome that had been mutated by irradiation. This led to their ‘one gene-one enzyme’ theory.The ‘one gene – one enzyme’ hypothesis changed to the ‘one gene – one protein’ hypothesis, once it was demonstrated that there are other proteins besides enzymes that are encoded by genes. Thomas Morgan's work led to a greater understanding of how genes are arranged on chromosomes and how genetic material can be exchanged (during crossing over) in meiosis. Morgan’s experiments showed without any doubt that: * the gene for eye colour in fruit flies is located on the X chromosome, and * hereditary factors can be exchanged between the X chromosomes of an individual.Morgan experimented with fruit flies (Drosophilia melanogaster) and determined that genes are carried on chromosomes. He used crossing over to determine locations of genes. He discovered that sex chromosomes look different to each other, and that eye colour gene in Drosophilia was located on the X chromosome, leading to the discovery of sex linkage. Boveri experimented with sea urchins and showed that a complete set of chromosomes was needed for normal development and that the NUCLEUS of a cell was concerned with inheritance.He postulated that each chromosome was different, chromosomes were transferred from one generation to the next during cell division, and that chromosomes must carry the many hereditary factors. Sutton – he observed during meiosis that chromosomes behaved randomly and gametes receive only one chromosome from each pair. | Distinguish between the terms gene and allele| A gene is a section of DNA that codes for proteins that expresses itself as the phenotype for example, two genes for eye colour. An allele is the alternative forms of a gene, i. e. for eye colour, B would code for blue while b for brown. |

Race and power in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Race and power in the US - Essay Example Tule Lake!!! I had to stop making your father’s supper. I have only heard that name in my nightmares for the past thirty years. I know you children have always assumed that during World War II I was in Europe with your father. I was not. My wartime experiences are a matter of deep shame. To start with, all I have told you about your grandmother is true. My mother was born in Tokyo to poor parents. Upon marrying my father, they both dreamed of coming to America. My parents believed that if one worked hard enough in America, one could achieve greatness. They both worked to save the money for the ocean voyage. Upon my mother’s realization that she was pregnant, both my parents made a difficult choice. They had saved enough money for one. My father decided to send my mother ahead to America. They wanted their child born on American soil. My mother arrived in 1924, a few months before I was born. After we arrived in San Francisco, my mother worked as a dishwasher to support both of us. Mother saved every spare penny to bring father to America, but by the time they had saved the money, the restrictions on immigration had tightened. My mother and father were still going through the red tape when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. The tensions in Japan had been rising before. I remember as a teenager, the headlines of Japan invading China. I was afraid for the father I had never met. Father’s letters started coming few and far between, then after Pearl Harbor stopped all together. Mother was frantic. Oddly enough, when the flyers calling for â€Å"Japanese Americans† to relocate my mother and I were not too concerned. I do not know if my mother thought we would be returned to Japan or not. She did think we would be reunited with father upon the completion of the war, one way or another. We lived in an apartment away from our Japanese friends in an all white neighborhood. Our landlord pressured us out of

Applying Training Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Applying Training Concepts - Essay Example As the business environment has changed, so have the skill requirements. This necessitates identification of training needs analysis. The training strategy is essentially aligned with the business objectives but the situation that Wal-Mart now faces, is more of youth employment. The youth come with their own expectations of the job role and their career progression. Besides, as employee turnover in the retail sector is high, cross-training becomes essential. Now more than 20% of Wal-Mart employees have university degrees. To retain talent and to assure career progression, Wal-Mart needs to identify talent with good skills and potential. The training needs of such employees would differ from mainstream employees. Such employees are sent to the US for specialized training but in Asian countries and particularly in China, Wal-Mart identified that some of the best people could not communicate in English fluently enough to benefit from the training in the US (Trunick, 2006). As the situat ion has changed, organizations would have to reinvent themselves to retain talent. This requires identification of training needs. ... Besides, the employees or the associates, as they are known at Wal-Mart, must have different qualifications for different function areas such as on the sales floor, in logistics and in the back room. Training needs of each individual associate would differ based on the job role. The trainer is responsible to conduct the training needs analysis without which training may be rendered ineffective. TNA is conducted based upon the objectives of the organization and can be conducted at the organization, person or the task level. When all of these are integrated it provides an effective strategy (Leat & Lovell, 1997). The training needs should be best directed to match the organizational needs. In the retail sector organizational effectiveness results from customer satisfaction which in turn depends upon process improvement. Therefore, Wal-Mart would need to explore the organizational climate in addition to the skills resources available. At the task level, the training needs analysis would be based on the demands of the job role. The associate in that particular position would be able to reveal inherent difficulties that may not be readily apparent. At the individual or the person level also TNA would help improve performance and employee development and career progression. TNA is not merely meant to assist employees in their work but to achieve greater proficiency and satisfaction. A typical TNA, according to Chiu, Thompson, Mak and Lo (1999) would aim to answer four related questions: Source: Chiu, Thompson, Mak and Lo (1999) Therefore, to conduct TNA at the organization, person and task level requires gathering information. The first step therefore, at Wal-Mart should be to conduct an initial

Case Analysis on Ryan Air Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Analysis on Ryan Air - Essay Example The Ireland-UK market was Ryanair’s initial target market, which it successfully managed to capture. By 2003, however, its route system had expanded to serve 86 destinations on 133 routes across 16 different countries. The heart of Ryanair’s current strategy is based on providing no frills service with low fares designed to stimulate demand, particularly from budget conscious leisure and business travelers who might otherwise have used alternative forms of transportation or who might not have travelled at all. Another strategic position adopted is Ryanair’s point-to-point short haul flights. Ryanair chooses to fly to regional airports rather than the larger national airports due to the favorable cost terms received. This facilitates the passing of low fares and has the added bonus of being less congested therefore aiding in flight punctuality. This offers convenience to clients, especially those constantly undertaking business trips, in terms of time and cost. The possession of both Regional and secondary airports is another current strategy. Airport charges include: Landing fees, loading fees, aircraft parking fees and noise charges. By acquiring regional and secondary airports, Ryanair is able to reduce these fees. This is because these airports are less congested and are anxious to increase their passenger output. The external environment refers to the factors that are out of control of the firm. These are factors tat the firm cannot be able to control could be because of market forces among other reasons. The external environment within which a business operates has a great influence on its mode and extent of its operations. The PESTEL framework (Appendix A) categorizes environmental influence into six main types: Political, Economic, Social and Technological, Environmental and Legal (Johnson and Scholes, 2002). Focusing on the Political environment, there has been

Spain culture and traditions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spain culture and traditions - Research Paper Example The bull is usually killed at the end of the occasion. This activity usually takes place between the months of April and October, and the Spaniards usually prepare for this event with excitement. There have been several occasions when this tradition has been banned by governments, but progressive ones allow its reinstitution. This is an indicator that the practice is ingrained in the Spanish culture and it is not easy to get rid of it (Whittaker 2008 p 67). Traditional songs and dance are also core components of Spanish culture. They vary from region to region, and the music is mainly focused on conveying particular messages to the listeners. For example in the 20th century, Spanish traditional music was largely used to spread propaganda regarding the totalitarian rule. These include Jota, Fandango, and Sardana amongst others (Moffitt 1999 p 43). The Spanish folk dance was a significant indicator of unity and identity. Annual festivals are held every year, providing an avenue for the Spaniards to demonstrate their culture. In such occasions, they demonstrate their cultural music and dances, fireworks, paintings amongst other traditional activities. The culture and traditions of the Spaniards is an important factor that gives them a sense of identity of the nation (Nash 2001 p 56). It generates personality and uniqueness amongst the Spain nationals. It also helps in building strong social institutions through establishing the nationâ₠¬â„¢s behavioral

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne Research Paper - 1

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne - Research Paper Example Her lover Reverend Dimmesdale whom she had chosen to protect later confessed at the gallows where Hester was punished earlier and dies. Chillingworth, who was Hesters husband, also dies leaving Hester and pearl alone. After several years, Hester died and buried near Dimmesdales’s grave; they shared the gravestone with writings â€Å""On a field, sable. The letter A, gules" (Hawthorne). In Chapter one, the prison door is symbolic, it is introduced in this chapter, and it is used when a crowd of people was standing outside the prison. It is built with heavy oak and is studded with iron spikes. There is a rose bush that grows near the same prison door; this shows how nature is kind despite being criminal it is said to provide â€Å"sweet moral blossom† (Hawthorne). The character Hester Prynne is introduced in chapter two. Sin, social order, and knowledge are clearly shown. The writer uses the symbol to depict sin, and that sinner must be punished in public according to puritan customs and belief. Hester’s punishment was to be an example to other people who were planning to commit adultery. However, only the woman was punished, and the man left, the women did not seek to pity, Hester instead they condemned her as a sinner, an adulterer. They saw her as a great sinner, they never imagined they being sinners. Hester fights it by accepting the condemnation for the need for love after his husband going along with the possibility of being dead. The perfect embroidery of the â€Å"A† letter on her dress was a sign of acceptance the women saw it as Hester was proud of the sin she had committed. She accepted the reality rather than resisting since her child was the fruit of the act. Resisting it was like opposing her child, Pearl. Hester from the beginning was different from other women she was said to be beautiful, tall and radiates natural dignity, unlike other women. The third Chapter introduces Hester punishment as an act against humanity; the puritan order makes

E-Commerce and Protecting Intellectual Property Essay Example for Free

E-Commerce and Protecting Intellectual Property Essay Introduction E-commerce has become a prosperous industry which generated more than $262 billion in sales last year. It is estimated by 2017 that E-commerce will grow to â€Å"to $440 billion in sales for a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.8%† (Forbes, 2013). With this much growth, it beckons entrepreneurs to grab a piece of the pie. As legal activity in Ecommerce increases, the activity of counterfeiting is bound to rise as well. The issue of intellectual piracy is becoming an increasing problem, an issue that must be addressed federally in line with Article 1 Section 8 of the United States Constitution. Intellectual Property (IP) Intellectual property is any creation of the mind, be it tangible or intangible. It is to be protected by federal statutory laws, such as patents, copyright, and trademarks, as set forth in the Constitution. Article 1 Section 8 describes the power granted to Congress in order to protect the wellbeing of the United States and its citizens. In this article it states Congress has the right â€Å"to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries† (Cornell University Law School, 2014). Protection The legal protection offered to intellectual property can either be a patent, copyright or trademark enforced by federal law for a given period. A copyright protects literature and artistic works. A patent is granted to the originator of an invention and gives them the right to decide how the creation shall be used. A trademark is a sign, emblem, signature, or mark used to distinguish a company’s goods or services from one company to the  next. Though businesses are granted legal protection in these manners, they will always have the issue of piracy to contend with, and the need for the federal government to intervene against these activities. Congressional Duty Congress has a liability and a duty to protect the intellectual property of companies and individuals who have taken the legal steps to safeguard their works and findings. They cannot be dissuaded by the pressures of those â€Å"who do not believe that someone else’s’ intellectual property rights should be a barrier to their ability to make money† (Hanna, 2013). During the 2012-2013 National Football League (NFL) season, the NFL in cooperation with the U.S. government â€Å"seized a record $13.6 million worth of counterfeit NFL merchandise† (Hanna, 2013). The counterfeiting of merchandise is not limited to the NFL, major brands like Nike, Oakley, Tommy Hilfiger, to name a few, have all fallen victim to this malicious crime. Policymakers, in conjunction with internet service providers (ISP), and manufacturers must work together in an effort to develop reasonable cost effective solutions to combat intellectual piracy. Conclusion Piracy of intellectual property is far from a victimless crime. It affects not only the manufacturers and consumer, but also the number of jobs created by the legal selling of merchandise. Congress has a duty, which has been set forth in the Constitution, to protect the intellectual property of companies and individuals alike, even after trademarks, patents, and copyrights have been issued. It will take combine effort from our government, ISPs, and manufactures to combat the stealing of intellectual property while continuing to promote online freedom. References Cornell University Law School. (2014). U.S. Constitution. Retrieved from http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei Forbes. (2013, October 02). Ecommerce Is Growing Nicely While Mcommerce Is On A Tear. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckjones/2013/10/02/ecommerce-is-growing-nicely-while-mcommerce-is-on-a-tear Hanna, C. (2013, March 07). Washington must get serious about protecting intellectual property. Retrieved from